African Americans and the Civil War Essay Example for Free

African Americans and the Civil War EssayIn the world we perish in m each lot take a lot for tending(p). Just the small simple things people dont very appreciate, being thankless for the things that have been addn to them. Many people and different situations have paved the way for our generation to be flow much easier to live in. African Americans during the courteous rights front man had to face a lot of trills in order to make the world a better place. Many people dont appreciate that because they ar unaware of just how much grief African Americans had to go though to create a path for the upcoming generation. African Americans faced many hardships during the civil rights movement, some of those hardships were segregation, voting rights, and assassination of prominent African American leaders. Segregation was such a big obstacle for African Americans because non entirely were they not allowed to go certain places it became bigger than that. Everything in African A mericans lives were split in half. thither were blank only traits places all over there towns. White only signs for bathrooms, restaurants, and water fountains. Everything was separated between the two races blacks and whites.One event that really stuck out like a sore thumb was The Montgomery Bus Boycott. During, the fourth dimension of segregation blacks were allowed to ride the buses, but many rules had to apply. gruesomes had a blacks only section on the bus that could be moved in any location of the bus. That instrument that the blacks only sign could be moved in front of two rows on the bus if thats what the bus driver wanted. Black riders had to compensation their bus far on the front of the bus and get off to walk to the back of the bus to ride. Some bus drivers would allow the blacks to pay and when the step off the bus the bus driver would drive away and leave them.When blacks did receive a chance to ride on the bus, if a white person did not have a seat to sit in a black person had to give up their seat. The blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided that they would boycott the urban center buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. On December 1, 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks, an African American seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat. The plan to stop the whites from making the blacks move was the boycott. Blacks would no longer ride the buses any more(prenominal).That means that the bus companies were losing a lot of money. Blacks would walk to work or school and even carpool, but would not step foot on the buses. The boycott go along for over a year. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court put an end to the boycott. On November 13, 1956 the Court declared that Alabamas state and local laws requiring segregation on buses were il effectual. On December 20th federal injunctions were served on city and bus company officials forcing them to follow the Supreme Courts ruling. African Americans had to face a lot just so that they could be treated as an equal on the bus.Segregation played a huge role in the school system. In globe schools more so than any. Thats what stated the big flare dark-brown vs. Board of reproduction. The 1954 United States Supreme Court decision in Oliver L. Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka (KS) is among the most significant judicial turning points in the development of our country. Originally guide by Charles H. Houston, and later Thurgood Marshall and a formidable legal team, it dismantled the legal basis for racial segregation in schools and other public facilities. Brown vs. Board of Education was not simply about children and education.The laws and policies in love down by this court decision were products of the homo tendencies to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype other people by their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characterist ics. Ending this behavior as a legal practice caused far reaching social and ideological implications, which continue to be felt throughout our country. The Brown decision inspired and galvanized human rights struggles across the country and around the world. The U. S. Supreme Court decision in Brown began a critical chapter in the maturation of our democracy.It reaffirmed the sovereign power of the people of the United States in the protection of their natural rights from arbitrary limits and restrictions imposed by state and local organisations. These rights are recognized in the Declaration of Independence and guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution. Brown was giving African Americans the opportunity to be accepted as an individual and not just as a race. Now, you would think that after the Brown vs. Board of Education whites would accept African Americans and treat them better. That was not the case and segregation did not stop there.Although, many people had hoped that it would i t took the Civil Rights mo of 1964 to really make a change. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a land filth piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed study forms of discrimination against blacks and women, and ended racial segregation in the United States. It ended unequal application of ballotingr registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the public public. Once the Act was implemented, its effects were far-reaching on the country as a whole and had an immediate impact on the South.It prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment, invalidating the Jim Crow laws in the southern U. S. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, ho employ, or hiring. After passage of the law, the NAACP was the only major civil rights organization to maintain a large membership in the South, where it concentrated on organizing the ongoing struggle for black civil rig hts. During 1965-75, the NAACP remained committed to using litigation to challenge racial injustice.African Americans had to fight hard to get what they deserved and it took a lot of patients and time to receive change but it last happened. That is we segregation ended and Africans were free to sit, eat, talk, shop, and work anywhere they wanted. be able to vote is a very important ordeal. Many people in this twenty-four hours and time take advantage of being able to voice their opinions. Not taking advantage of who we desire to have in office is a sign of being ungrateful. African Americans were not given that right years ago. African Americans had to fight just so that they could vote. Thats when the Voting Act of 1965 came in play.Before, this Act was enforced African Americans had to take a literacy tests and pay poll taxes. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 abolished literacy tests and poll taxes designed to disenfranchise African American voters, and gave the federal government the authority to take over voter registration in counties with a pattern of persistent discrimination. Echoing the language of the 15th Amendment, the Act prohibits states from imposing any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or ruse.The Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat, who had earlier signed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law. Being able to vote was an honor and so many people dont even both to go vote during the elections today. African Americans fought for the right to vote without having to take tests or pay poll taxes and people still dont go out to vote. That is taking voting rights for granted. Being an African American during the civil rights movement was a challenge, but being an African American woman was even difficult.Thats when the period of womens suffrage played its role. Womens Suf frage is the right of women to vote and to run for office. The expression is also used for the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending these rights to women and without any restrictions or qualifications such as property ownership, payment of tax, or marital status. Being a woman in this time period restricted of many rights. Womens suffrage has been granted at various times in various countries throughout the world, and in many countries it was granted before universal suffrage.Without womens suffrage women would still be restricted to make decisions and just be limited to being mothers and wives. The womens suffrage broke that cycle. The vanquish way to leave a positive mark on the world is being a leader. It takes a lot of heart, courage, and sacrifice, in becoming a with child(p) leader. Leaders are persons that people look up to. They depend on a leader to give them hope to carry on and a positive role model to look up to. There were not too many people that wanted to take the position of being a leader, but a few chose to step up to the plate.African Americans needed kind and encouraging words to help uplift them during the civil rights movement. Two great leaders Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Melcolm X took on a job to lead the world into a better place called freedom. The two leaders gave African Americans hope to continue on when they wanted to just give up. African Americans depended on these two prominent leaders to strengthen them. African Americans during the civil rights movement needed to relay on someone and those leaders were the hone ones. No one would have ever been ready for what was expected to come.For years African American have been told what they could and couldnt do. They have been talked about, abused, lied on, and have had everything interpreted from them. But, still they have stayed strong through it all. When all they had were two great prominent leaders and they were taken from them as well they still stayed strong. Two great prominent leaders were assonated. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement.He was best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. King was frequently presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. Kings efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech.There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. But, as people have said all things must come to an end. At 601 p. m. on April 4, 1968, a shot rang out. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , who had been standing on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN, lay sprawled on the balconys floor. A look wound covered a large portion of his jaw and neck. A great man who had spent thirteen years of his life dedicating himself to nonviolent balk had been felled by a snipers bullet.

Society and Culture Essay Example for Free

baseball club and Culture EssayIt seems like just yesterday that I was sit down on that point just like all of you listening to the like sort of speeches from the year 12s last year, opinion, what are these people talking to the highest degree? PIPs? Major works? Hello I just started year 11 I dont need to be esteeming ab turn up this now, its ages away. Let me tell you this, standing here with that close to 5 months to go until my PIP, my major work for society and culture is due, that ages away creep up on you very quickly. Youre probably thinking, 5 months, what is this girl sacking on about, 5 months is almost half a year be you serious Thats more than enough time to do an assignment. You could easily do it a week before its due. What is she stressing about? If you learn only single thing from my speech make sure its this- That 5 months in PIP time is non ages away. With 5 months to go you should have already chosen your issue, have formu previous(a)d your fo cus question and be starting to put on the methodologies you have chosen,or at least be starting to think about the methodologies you want to drill. You should in spades not think that you could start writing your PIP with only a week to go. As you probably already bonk PIP stands for Personal Interest Project. So it would make sense to recognise a topic that youre in person chaseed in. Youve got to think that ideally, youre going to be investigateing the same topic for a little under a year so its got to be something thats going to maintain your interest as well as relating to Society and Culture insome way. The topic I chose for my PIP is Mental Illness, and my Focus question is Is the mental unwellness Bipolar, attri besidesable to the influences of disposition or nurse? Specifically Im focusing my research on 4 adults and seeing if I can place to some conclusion about what Bipolar disorder is attributed to in general. Many different things inspired me to take up this topic, but probably the most major influence was the occurrence that my mum had Bipolar disorder, my Nan has bipolar and so does my Great Grandma.Bipolar used to be something that genuinely scared me partly because of the stigma society generally places on mental illness, and also because of the incident that there is much(prenominal) a strong genetic history of bipolar in females in my family, so there is an increased chance that I may get Bipolar at some point in my life. I decided to focus on this topic, as I knew it would be something that would maintain my interest for the duration of the project, and I also thought that it would be a very good experience for me, as sooner of beingafraid of mental illness it would empower me with information. I believe it testament also help me to determine if I am at such a great risk of developing a Bipolar due to the genetic nature factors, or if developing Bipolar is more attributable to nurture factors, in relation to the way someone has grown up and what environments they have been subject to. Another attribution for my choice of topic was that I felt I had excellent links and access to information relating to this topic, within my micro world.My Aunt works for Pioneer Clubhouse, a rehabilitation centre for people with mental illness, and one of our family friends used to work in the public sector and has friends with Bipolar, that advise the health minister on issues relating to mental illness. Because of these links it is much easier to obtain information and implement my methodologies. I assume by this stage of year 11 you all get what a methodology is, but in simple terms, methodologies are shipway of finding out information.Creating a successful PIP and choosing an appropriate methodology or methodologies go hand in hand. Methodologies play a major role in your PIP but it is really alpha that you understand, in relation to your PIP in general, you need to allow for flexibility. Sometimes the methodol ogies or the topic you choose wont work out, and you may need to choose new ones or modify your original choice. The PIP is supposed to be a major education experience, designed to move you closer towards social and cultural literacy, so naturally there will be learning from mistakes and changes made along the way. Its burning(prenominal) that youre aware of this. I have decided to use interview as the primary methodology for my PIP. Specifically I intend to undertake an encompassing interview process with the 4 individuals I am focusing my research on. I also wish to interview several people that interact regularly with the selected four. I feel that using interviews, as my primary research methodology will prove to be highly successful for my PIP.As finding out weather Bipolar is attributable to nature or nurture involves more than just getting a one-word or short answer, which is usually what would be unremarkably obtained from Quantitative research methodologies, such as qu estionnaires or statistical analysis. It is highly suggested that you include secondary research within your PIP to die hard the primary research youve collected. This finding and interpreting of secondary research is also classified as a methodology, its called Content Analysis, and this is also one of the methodologies that I will be using.I have already looked at many books, websites and pamphlets and obtained some very useful information from them. I also intend to watch some videos on Bipolar and I aim to collect some more information from websites and books. Ive decided to use this methodology not only because it is highly suggested that you use it, but also because I believe that it is really important to get other peoples opinions that have researched the same topic, in order to support and explain to a greater extent the research that you have gathered. Another methodology I intend to use is Participant Observation. I will do this by spending the day at Pioneer Clubhouse, the rehabilitation centre for people with mental illness that I was talking about before.Through doing this I hope to observe my participants interacting in certain daily situations, and I hope to be able to comment on whether there are any differences to reactions of those not suffering with Bipolar disorder, which could instal insight into the nurture influence of the disorder. Use of this method will also allow a different perspective to interview, as I will be able to see behaviours first hand, which I think will be very valuable to my research. The type of methodologies you will choose will highly repair to the type of research you are doing. My research is definitely further more Qualitative than Quantitative due to the fact that I am focusing my research on peoples experiences.In simple terms Qualitative research relies upon open-ended questions, and types of methodologies that usually postulate commentary of peoples personal opinions. Quantitative research is more strai ghtforward research that can easily be compared to other data, as it does not require interpretation of peoples personal opinions. It involves interpretation of statistics and numbers and clear opinions of usually a large number of people.It is estimated that 10% of Australians have Bipolar, which is a very high percentage when you think that over 20 million people live here. Thats about 2 million people who have each had or have Bipolar Disorder. Yet it is generally seen by most within our society as such a taboo subject. This is part of the close why I didnt choose Quantitative methodologies such as questionnaires, surveys, or statistical analysis, because I felt that many people wouldnt give true, unbiased opinions.So far the research I have makeed has proved quite successful. I am continually conducting content analysis and have been since late last year. I have collected quite a lot of information and visited many libraries including the Macquarie University library, the Sta te library of Queensland and the University of New South Wales Library. I know its starting to sound like you have to turn into a major nerd once you hit year 12 Society and Culture, but its really not like that.You start doing all these nerdaliscious things because youre kindle in the topic youre researching. Its your PERSONAL Interest Project, an assignment on something that you want to do, so you actually want to put an sudor in and want to do well. I have also given a speech at Pioneer Clubhouses weekly staff and members meeting, introducing my PIP and myself, and proposing their involvement. I also spoke at the meeting about the supposition of conducting interviews with several of them.I accredited a very positive response from them all and also obtained several members consent to interview them. I intend to conduct these interviews in the upcoming schoolhouse holidays along with my participant observation. I have also written a rough draft of questions I intend to adopt during the interviews, and I aim to have a final copy of questions finished by the start of the holidays.My topic is an extremely sensitive one and it is vitally important that I treat the participants of my research with the upmost respect and not just as research tools. My aim is to discuss my finalized interview questions with a mental health professional in order to ensure that I am asking appropriate questions and conducting ethical research, which is a very important part of social research. furthermore I have also begun writing a letter to the Health Minister, consulting him about his opinions on my topic.I have also written several emails to confused organizations supporting people with Mental Illness, consulting them about my topic and requesting any information they would be able to forward. This has proved extremely helpful, as I have received some fantastic information from these organizations. It is extremely important to try and remain as unbiased as possible whilst conducting your research, in order to produce a reliable and proper report at the end of your research. Although it is definitely good to formulate an opinion about your topic and express how passionate you are about it, it is also essential that you try not to impose this opinion on those you are collecting information from. I expect to find that the causes of Bipolar will be attributable to both nature and nurture influences, and I feel that my research will support this hypothesis.My reasoning behind expecting to come to this conclusion stems from the fact that if someone has a predisposition to a certain disease or disorder therefore nature factors. It does not necessarily mean that they will fill that disease or disorder unless they subject themselves to particular environments hence nurture factors. Take heart disease for example. A person may have a predisposition to heart disease but if they eat healthily and exercise then they have a chance of not acquiring the condition. They do save have a higher risk of acquiring the disease than someone who doesnt have a predisposition to heart disease. I believe the same principle applies to Bipolar Disorder, and hypothesise that my findings will support this way of thinking.The PIP gives you a lot of freedom to choose a topic on something that your interested in, but there is one vital piece of criteria that you need to factor in when choosing your topic, and that is that it needs to relate to Society and Culture through the concepts. My topic relates to Society and Culture through several concepts, including, the concept of Time as both nature and nurture factors are highly influenced by time. It also refers to the concept of Socialization.This refers to the shipway you learn to become an accepted member of society via agents such as peers, family, community groups and the media. These things relate greatly to the nurture side of the argument, hence relate to my topic. My topic also relates to the following concepts for the same reasons Media, Values, Tradition, Influence, and Institutions.Other concepts my topic relates to include Environment as the persons environment and the experiences they are subject to highly relate to the nurture component of my PIP. Family is also another concept that relates to my PIP for the same reasons. Gender is also a concept that relates to my PIP in respect to the nature part of my focus question. So right now your probably all thinking blah blah, what is this stupid girl doing, why am I school term here listening to these stupid speeches, wasting my time, again, Im only in year 11, is this really necessary?Well the aim of my speech like a shot wasnt to bore you. My aim today was to inspire you guys, get you all to start thinking about your PIPs, because its really not that far away. Year 11 goes so dissolute and before you know it your half way through year 12 giving this same speech, thinking I really should get a move on with my PIP. The PIP i s a major part of your work in year 12 its deserving 30% of your external mark for Society and Culture, which means that your HSC exam is only worth 70% so you need to put a lot of effort into your PIP.The last but probably most important piece of information I will give you today, is that you need to successfully manage your time whilst researching your PIP, because it really does slip away so quickly. My advice to you is, in term 4, your first term of year 12, when you first receive information on the PIP, make up a realistic timeline of how you want to conduct your research and complete your PIP. Set a date for when you want to have your topic chosen by, a date for when youre first going to think about your methodologies, and a date for when you intend to implement them. Its also a good idea to factor in some time every week that you solely devote to your PIP. You really need to use your time wisely, because you think oh yeah, no worries I have a whole year to do this, Im not go ing to start now but then time slips away so fast and you wish you had that extra time back.By no means am I going to lie to you, the PIP is a lot of hard work. notwithstanding it definitely gives a sense of satisfaction when youre actually out there researching something independently using all the skills youve learnt. It makes you feel as though school is actually useful and the things your learning can actually be implemented into real life situations.You get to research and report on something that youre personally interested in, something that actually matters to you, which absolutely makes it worthwhile putting in all the effort and time the PIP demands. Although its a lot of work, its definitely something to look forward to. Its school work, but surprisingly its fun. So start thinking now because its just around the corner

Greek and Roman Houses Architecture

Grecian and roman type put forwards ArchitectureWhat atomic number 18 the significant ways in which Classical Greek and Roman houses differ? What can we learn near their rest homes from these differences?It is important to remember that houses in the Classical and Roman periods need to be analysed c befully. Excavations carried out through the ages save had varying degrees of accuracy when interpreting the information that is gleamed from the artefacts. Allison describes how items be decontextualized and says that very oft sites arrest been removed from their situations before the context has been properly recorded (2004 4). This needs to be interpreted into account when we compare houses and their included artefacts, and besides how we interpret what these things tell us about the contemporary societies. era on the subject it is important to account for the fact that or so items of less(prenominal) artistic moral excellence may piss been removed for museum collections and those that are even less interesting bring on been left in situ, this can provide an unrealistic interpretation of the site.While investigating the different types of accommodate I will be using several(prenominal) case studies, namely for the Roman topic I will be using Pompeii for examples. It is also important to remember that we assimilate a lot more standing evidence for Roman housing than we substantiate for the Greek housing. In evidence for Greek housing we urinate mainly floor plans w here(predicate)as we acquire preserved sites such as Pompeii and Ostia (Italy) for the Roman contexts. This judge will non strain the remains of the houses and rather what the houses would have been like, and will provide a comparison between the standing structures, and is not intended to discuss the differences in rescue of the sites.Evidence we have for classical Greek housing is very limited. The structures do not survive like the examples we have of Roman houses that still exist. Although Pompeii is unusual it agent we gain an undisturbed look at a fraternity, and can explain a lot about the way of life. Unfortunately we do not have many well preserved sites for classical Greek housing so we have to get the information by thorough excavation of sites and extracting the information from the artefacts found. unmatchable example that is often quoted by historians in studies is Olynthus (Ault et al., 1999 46 Adrianou, 2009 5). This will be covered in this essay along with buildings from Athens (Goldberg, 1999).As in that location is less information for Greek housing than there is for Roman, making judgements on what the households were like by coning the housing is difficult. This essay will address housing from the 2 periods from the urban settlements of both cultures. The focus will be on urban settlements because there has been more research into these areas, therefore patterns can be more intimately identified and more accurate conclusions ma y be drawn.Evidence for housing within the Classical and Roman periods is limited as menti atomic number 53d above, however, this does not mean that studies have not been carried out, and interpretations of the evidence uncovered have been made. In Athens a sm exclusively number of houses that are badly preserved (Goldberg, 1999 142) have been uncovered and the layout of several buildings have been surmised, especially those nearer to the agora (Goldberg, 1999 142). In parts of Europe which would once have belonged to the Roman Empire there are examples of houses which are best preserved, for instance, Pompeii, which is a beautiful example, although not necessarily a typical Roman city. This essay is to focus on these areas because they are areas that have been most researched and the discoveries made here have been analysed most thoroughly with reports being published on the findings.In Roman housing, when interpreting evidence of the use of cortege it is brought to our attention by Allison (2004) that cortege were labelled as they were excavated in Pompeii. This means that the name that has been allocated to these rooms is not necessarily the nomenclature given by contemporaries of the society. This has other repercussions, it means we cannot digest that the room was used for the reason that we assume from the name. For instance just because we label a room as being a dining room does not mean that it was necessarily used only for dining in. Some cadences rooms had a number of functions (Allison, 2004 63).There is more evidence of some houses than others in Roman societies. For instance, atrium houses are much better documented than others. McKay also describes the Etruscans as having atrium housing. This shows some overlap between the Roman and Greek societies. But he attri scarcelyes these techniques to the Near eastern United States (McKay, 199815 Palagia, 1998 40). This is down to the fact that they are generally bigger than other houses. Due to th is, it is true to say that in Pompeii they were excavated more carefully because they were distinctly bigger (Allison, 2004 29). Vitruvius describes how there were three types of atrium courtyards. One had a ratio of 35, another had one 23 and the other was 11 (VI.III.3). This is important because it shows there were rules to be followed when it came to Roman housing.Vitruvius (On Architecture) describes five different types of courtyard but also describes them and the precise measurements of the rooms adjoining these separate courtyards. This would suggest that these houses followed patterns when they were built and that there was comparatively little difference between them.Roman houses were built following more rigid guidelines than those expressed by Greek house plans. It has been described that Greek housing followed no pattern (Cahill, 2002), this is especially true at Olynthus where Cahill carried out a study on floor levels (2002), but is also seen in plans from houses in At hens. fingerbreadth 1 shows one of the houses from the north side of the Areopagus in Athens and is typical of the houses that have been exposed (Goldberg, 1999 144). As shown, there is no central room which all of the others lead off from, unlike in Roman houses which have a central atrium which the other rooms open out onto such as the House of the Faun shown in Figure 2.Roman houses seem to follow more of a plan demonstrated in Virtuviuss On Architecture which describes the definitive ratios that rooms and courtyards have to be.Although the layouts are very different they have the similarity of both having a courtyard situated in the house. The function of this room in both societies varied, fetching into account the time of day, year and what was going on in the house at the time. This is important as it refers back to Allisons point (2004 63) which said that rooms often had a number of functions which could change. Goldberg also makes the point that this is the reason for mov eable article of furniture (1999 157) it makes it much easier to change the function of the room.Roman houses have a number of rooms which tend to be found in most other houses. For instance, they all have atrium which lead back into other rooms and generally speaking have a peristyle behind this. The atrium is where most of the business side of things would have been done. This means that private and public matters were kept separated. Alternatively in Greek houses men tended to have a room set aside but this was not necessarily at the front of the house and meant that business was dealt with at home some of the time (Goldberg, 1999 142). Goldberg (1999 155-156) also states that the courtyard of the house was the hub of activity. Everything passed through here even though it may have been a female domain it was a way for husbands to clasp an eye on their wives and all traffic through the house would have passed through here initially. This is important because it demonstrates mist rust in women, who were thought by some to be difficult to predict and generally difficult (King, 2005 110).One of the main differences to be identified between the two types of housing to be studied is that Greek housing seems to have rooms that are gender assigned. This is not a theme that has been identified in Roman housing. It has been suggested by historians (2005 231) that Greek women were more inhibit than Roman women, which Goldberg (1999 158) argues may not have been true with the counter argument that women had some leverage and power over their husbands because of the dowries paid to their husbands at the time of their marriages (Goldberg, 1999 158). What is not argued is that women had less power than men, was it then for this reason that men had different rooms from women? For instance, the andron was a room that historians have related to the male domain. It is thought that this was where symposia would have interpreted place (Goldberg, 1999 149) however, this is not a phenomenon that is mentioned in Roman houses as having been something that was prevalent. Maybe this is due to the idea that women in Roman society were deemed to have had slightly high standing than their counterparts in Classical Greece (2005 231).Ault et al. complain in an article published in 1999 that both artefacts and architecture are studied as isolated entities (Ault et al., 1999 45), but what there has not been enough investigation into is the link between the two and what each one can tell us about the household as an entire unit.As alluded to above, the open areas within houses in both societies being looked at were busy places within the house. Within the Greek houses they were a defining make of Athenian houses (Jameson, 1990 179) but also served a wider purpose, as a temperature control for the rest of the house and were a tool within the economic goings on of the society in that they served as enclosed yards to ensure the protection of the household property (Go ldberg, 1999 144).The courtyards were considered to be the womens domain, although it was not unusual for men to be found here and it would have been used as a thoroughfare for male visitors wishing to get through to the andron (Goldberg, 1999 147). It is only in more recent years that fewer assumptions have been made as to the value of each of the rooms. By looking at the evidence again historians are now better educated as to the functions of items of furniture and where they fit within rooms and what this tells us about the households and to a certain extent society.These gender divisions which have been described by Goldberg (1999) are not of all time as clear as it would appear, for instance, the spaces within houses which have been assigned to females are not actually marked archaeologically by womens objects, like mirrors or jewellery boxes (Goldberg, 1999 149). withal this works in the opposite direction when assumptions have been made inaccurately about the function of cer tain houses just because there is a presence of one particular artefact, for instance vibrate weights. This is a topic also covered by Allison (2004) within the context of Pompeii, where inaccuracies were made about room nomenclature. The presence of loom weights does not necessarily presuppose that the house is a weaving shop (Allison, 1999 70) it could be that there were just a larger number of looms within a particular house and the theory that they were mobile would mean that they could quite possibly have stored more than one or two looms in one household (Allison, 1999 70). What it is more possible to assume is that the presence of loom weights in certain areas of the house, such as the courtyard, would suggest that these areas were dedicated to females (Allison, 1999 71). In Roman society women would have done the weaving in the forecourts of the house as this was the well-lit part of the house (Allison 1999 70).In comparing the houses from the two societies being studied it is clear that there are some spaces that one society demonstrates that the other doesnt. For instance, in Greek houses wells for water are frequent (Goldberg, 1999 153) this is not something that is mentioned within sources on Roman housing. neither did Roman houses include a room just for the purpose of male entertaining. Even the atriumwasusedby women for weaving (Allison, 1999 71).It is perhaps also worth noting that from the sources included within this study there has been no mention of urban villas having a second floor. However, there are examples where houses are situated above shops such as in Ostia (Storey, 2001) and are raised off the ground. This is also difficult to verify within excavation reports purely because if the building no longer exists then there may be evidence of a floor plan for the ground floor, but no evidence of the second floor would remain.With studies like this one we encounter problems. To really canvas this topic, more research needs to be done wh ich links the artefacts which are uncovered and what this can tell us about the household that they were found within. It is not safe to assume that just because an item was found in a room that this is where it belonged long term, an excavation is merely a diachronic sample of detritus reflecting patterns of use and behaviour over an extended period (Ault et al., 1999 52), and this snapshot of the household may not be entirely accurate.Through the course of writing this essay it has been observed that conclusions are difficult to draw due to the nature of the material being dealt with. For instance, the irregular layout of Greek housing means that patterns are not considerably identified as they are in Roman housing, there are of course similarities between them and patterns in the rooms that most often appear but there is no rigid layout which means we can predict what we will find, for instance, not all houses had andronesand some houses had second floors whereas others did not. Another fact to be taken into account is that a lot of the uses of these rooms is speculative. There is little evidence from primary sources from the time about the uses for rooms, so where historians have suggested a use for a room they are doing so by using the artefacts which is not always accurate (Allison, 2004).It is difficult to directly compare the two types of housing as the Greeks and Romans go about their housing in different ways, with the Greeks dividing the house into genders, something which does not happen in Roman architecture.This is a very limited cross section crosswise the two societies and their houses leading to the conclusions being limited to urban houses and poorer houses may have been different again. This would be something to look into further. Therefore, we remain woefully uninformed about many of the patterns of social and economic relationships within and between households (Ault et al., 1999 44).

Characteristics of Real Time System

Characteristics of Real Time SystemABSTRACT computer programming refers to the adjust of policies and mechanism to consider the order of work to be performed by a computer dodge. border computer programming in signifi stinkpott fourth dimension system of rules has closely used many more algorithms like FIFO, Round ROBIN ,Uniprocessor Multiprocessor etc. The choices for these algorithms ar simplicity and speed in the operating(a) system but the apostrophize to the system in the form of reliability and maintainability oblige not been assessed. In this paper we describe the distinguish characteristics of accepted date system which can be expressed as a swear out of quantify. This paper is also described in the form of a cadence driven model for a real m operating system and also provide a tool for measuring the effectiveness of a real cartridge holder system . For this model ,we have generated a real time system in which we measure a number of well known computer pr ograming algorithms. To meet the real time constraints for schedule the task different algorithms were used. Most of the real time system are designed using prioty based preemptive programing and worst case capital punishment time.INTRODUCTIONIn computer science , programming is the procedure by which threads, process or given the access to system imaginations. The scheduling is mainly concerned with these things passimTotal number of processes that complete their capital punishment per unit time.Response time when a involve was submitted what amount of time takes when first response produced.Turnaround time total time between completion and submission of process.Fairness equal time to each process.In real time operating systems like introduce system the scheduler also perform that the process can meet deadline that is necessary for stabling the system. Schedular are sent to mobile devices and managed by an administrative back end. A commonalty characteristic of many real-ti me systems isthat their requirements specification includes timing information in the form of deadlines. An acute deadline is represented in Figure 1. The timetaken to complete an showcase is mapped against the surveythisevent has to the system. Here value is loosely defined tomean thecontributionthisevent has to the systems objectives. With the computational event represented in Figure 1 this value is zero before the start time and returns to zero once the deadline is passed. The mapping of time to value between start-time and deadline is application dependent.SchedulingIn a general purpose computer system a scheduler is considered good if it is fair and gives execution time to all tasks equally. When scheduling a real-time system what is most important is that all tasks meet their deadlines and are kill so that any task depending on them, meet their deadlines as well.Types of schedulingNe twork schedulingDISK Schedulingjob schedulingManual schedulingMultilevel queue schedulingF irst in first out touch schedulingProcess scheduling is divided into four main types1 long term scheduling which determines which programs are admitted to the system for execution and when, and which wizards should be exited. Concept of scheduling in real time system2 average scheduling Which determines when processes are to be a suspended and remain.3 short term scheduling ordispatcher which determine which process have cpu resources and for how long.Process scheduling in computer operating system is instance of extensively studied hassle from operation research which in form of producing a sequence of jobs which must a common resource. all decisions should be made dynamically for example all jobs have to be scheduled and processing time requirements are visible(prenominal) at the start of sequence time =0 the new job will not come during processing. if it happens the priviouly computed job is invalidated and scheduling must be started all overif is maintained. Now process sc heduling in real time system can categorized into two categories1 periodic2 aperiodic day-to-day processes which arrive at regular intervals are called periodic process and aperiodic are those which arrive at irregular. the main difference between real time systems and early(a) computer system have not understood. the time to complete a process is important in all computer systems but in real time response time play a cruicial part in the rightness of the application delicatewareReal-time systems are divided into two classes Hard real -time systems and soft real -time systems.Hard real-time systems are those whose deadlines must absolutely be met and system will be considered to have failed whereas soft real-time systems allow for some more deadlines, at least occasionally, to be missed with only adegradation performance but not a complete trouble of the system. In judge a number of existing real time systems we study the DMA cycling , crack up processing blocking ang non-blocki ng. The deadline scheduler gives no reasonable control over the choice of which deadlines are delayed and which lead to unperictable failures result to the impact on reliability and maintainability of the real time system. real process completion is handled by dance step function in which there is no any value in completing the process after its deadline the characteristic of a real-time system is that correctness is determined not only by what is done, but when itis done, we propose to use a representation of a process completion value to measure the algorithms in real time system.Computational model consists a set of processes every process has a request time R ,Time interval c and avalue function R.Its value function become zero or negative. the value function may be negative at R,not rise above zero the request time R may be future time or past time . if request time r is future time wherefore process is not scheduable but attributes in computations asre load in which current scheduling decisions are made classical algorithms are.DeadlineThe earlist critical time in process at each decision pointFIFOThe longest request set is executed in process at decision pointrandomchosen from the request set and executedstackthe process with the smallest stack time is executed in each decision pointSPTThe shortest completion time is executed in each decision point.There are many approaches for utilizing a time driven model in real time system. real time operating system support or modify the value for the process or the set of processes during run time. In this way application designr can set and modify scheduling policy for various systems. For describing these processes we assume primtives to creat and kill processes already exist. There are three real time interfacesTime control uninitiate The arguments of these operating systems communicate the information needed to implement the model but the issue is the structure of informative that passed to the operating sy stem. In single primitive each parameter would be flexible but in user might set inconsistent parametres.Scheduling policies In real time operating system it is compulsory to provide a mechanism to express the scheduling model to implentour model. the system should also able to modify these policies to take advantage or flexibility of the system.Periodic policies There is one way to describe a periodic policies to using optional arguments in a creative process. The creative Process make new instance of process at a specific node 5 ways for scheduling the task in real time systems.Real time system and scheduling techniquesReal time scheduling techniques are divided into two main categories.One is called static scheduling techniqueAnd other is called dynamic scheduling technique. Dynamic may be static perioty or dynamic perioty. Static prioty is divided into two types1 rate monolithic rate- flavourless scheduling is a scheduling algorithm used in real- time operating systems with a s tatic-priority scheduling class. 2The static priorities are assigned on the basis of the daily round duration of the job the shorter the cycle duration is, the higher is the jobs priority.These operating systems are generally preemptive and have deterministic guarantees with regard to response times. Rate monotonic analysis is used in conjunction with those systems to provide scheduling guarantees for a particular application.2 deadline monolithic Dynamic prioty is also divided into two types1)earlist time first2)least stack time firstSystem and the task model Each type and unit of work that is scheduled and execute the system as a job. ALL the tasks are taken to be periodic. the system knows all the things about arrival time ,periodexecution time. the task are ready to execute if it arrives the system. IN soft real time system each task has a real positive value. The main goal of the task is to obtain a value as much as possibleThere are the two conditions if the task come throu gh the system acquire that value if the task is not succeed the ystem gain less value in a special case like soft real systems the task has nothing a vale introductory requirements of schedulars in real time operating system There are five basic requirements of scheduler in real time operating systemMultitasking and preemptable In real time operating applications real time operating system should be multitask and preemtable. the scheduler are able to preempt any kind of task in the system and give the resources to task that the system needs itDynamic deadline identification With the earlist deadline RTOS should be able to identify the task. deadline information may be converted to prioty levels for resource allocationpredictable synchronization To communicate multiple threads among themselves in a timely fashionsynchronization mechanism also reqired and also the abiliy to lock or unlock is the resource to achieve dta integrity.Sufficient perioty levels The real time operating system s must also have a sufficient number of priority levels for effective implementation. Namelypurety,inheritance,ceiling parleys protocol need sufficient prioty levelspredefined latencies the timing of system call define the following specificationsTask awitching latency time to save the context of a current execution time and switch to anotherInterrupt latencythe time elaped between first instruction of the handler and execution time of the last instruction of the interrupt taskDynamic scheduling algorithm Dynamic algorithm at runtime assign perioties based on the execution parametres of tasks the most important dynamic scheduling with puriotysscheduling algorithms are1 EArlist deadline first algorithmThe perioty of each task based on the value of itsdeadlinethe algorithm is simple and preemptive.2 ACO Based scheduling algorithms.The ACO algorithms are computational models for the collective foraging behavior of ants . Ant is an agent that generate a path. ANT do not need synchroniz ation. ant moves to the good face neighbor for the crrent node probabaisaticallyTime TriggeredWhen scheduling a distributed system using offline scheduling the whole system including the communication is scheduled before the start of the system giving a very rbust system but the cost of adding a new node is high, complete rescheduling of the whole system. To schedule a time-triggered distributed real-time system we use the same techniques as we did with the single processor system, but understandably with more complex graphs. For example we might have a precedence graph, where one task is preceded by some(prenominal) tasks on different nodes. Making a schedule that have a task precede by tasks on several nodes requires more of the system then of the schedule, even the best schedule will fail if the nodes time references is not synchronized and tasks are not executed in time. This requires all nodes to synchronize time with each other. This can be done at an application level like in normal distributed systems, with a common time reference with a communication protocol that handles time synchronization TTCAN, TTP and FlexRay to namea few.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSWe have looked at the most commonly used scheduling techniques and communication protocols used in distributed realtimesystems. When we started this paper we where looking at doing a survey of everything related to distributed real-time systems,but found that to be a to vast and growing line of products so we narrowed our field to communication protocols and scheduling algorithms used in distributed real-time systems. During our research for this paper we have been looking atschedulers that are created to work fracture with the FlexRaycommunications bus or in a similar fashion. We have taken a real interest in distributed real-time systems and are looking in advance to seeing the advances in scheduling and communication for distributed real-time systems and maybe one day join the research field our s elves. With this paper we hoped to introduce the reader to the problem of scheduling real-time tasks in distributed systems. We presented the different interpretations of the problem and the various options usable to the solution designers. Our analysis of some of the existing scheduling algorithms tried to focus on the affect of the specific problem on the choices made in the solution. We hope that what we presented provides the reader with a broad understanding of the problem and a range available solutions. This paper was also aimed at providing the reader with a solid foundation for further research on the subject. Finally, we suggested possible future research directions.References1 Liu, C. L. Layland, J. (1973), Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment, Journal of the ACM 20 (1) 4661, doi10. 1145/321738. 321743.1. N. Audsley, Survey Scheduling Hard Real-Time Systems, Department of information processing system Science, University of York ( 1990).2. O. Babaoglu, K. Marzullo and F. B. Schneider, Priority Inversion and its Prevention in Real-Time Systems, PDCS Report No. 17, Dipartimento di Matematica, Universita di Bologna (1990).3. J A. Bannister and K. S. Trivedi, Task Allocation in FaultTolerant Distributed Systems, ActaInformatica 20, pp. 261-281 (1983).4. S. H. Bokhari and H. Shahid, A Shortest point algorithmic rule for Optimal Assignment Across Space and Time in a Distributed Processor System, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-7(6), pp. 583-589 (1981).5. A. Burns, Concurrent scheduling in Ada, Ada Companion Series, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge (1985).6. A. Burns, Programming in occam 2, Addison Wesley, Wokingham (1988). with time triggered communication. In Proceedings of ICC 2000, Amsterdam, 2000.1 M. Behnam. Hierarchical real-time scheduling and synchronization. School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M alardalen University, 2008.2 M. Dertouzos. insure robotics The procedural control of physical processes. Information Processing, 74807813, 1974.3 R. Dobrin and G. Fohler. Implementing off-line message scheduling on controller area network (can). In Proceedings of the eighth IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2001.4 D. Dolev and M. Warmuth. Scheduling precedence graphs of bounded height. J. Algorithms, 5(1)4859, 1984.5 W. Elmenreich and R. Ipp. Introduction to ttp/c and ttp/a. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Time-Triggered and Real-Time Communication, Manno, Switzerland, Dec. 2003.6 F. Hartwich and et al. Can network Ati98 Y. Atif and B. Hamidzadeh, A Scalable Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time Distributed Systems, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, may 26-29 1998, pp. 352-359.Dar94 S. Darbha and D. P. Agrawal, SDBS A Task Duplication Based Optimal Scheduling Algorithm, Proceedings of the Scalable High Performance Computing Conference, May 23-25 1994, pp. 756-763.Dar96 S. Darbha and D. P. Agrawal, Scalable Scheduling Algorithm for Distributed Memory Machines, Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing, October 23-26 1996, pp. 84-91. Khe97A. Khemka and R. K. Shyamasundar, An Optimal Multiprocessor Real-Time Scheduling Algorithm, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, vol. 43, 1997, pp. 37-45.

Unemployment Rates in Albania: An Analysis

Unemployment Rates in Albania An AnalysisINTRODUCTIONAlbania is one of the economically decease developed countries in Europe. After the collapse of the communist regime, Albania achieved an economical growth, barely p everywherety level is still luxuriously. There is a strong link betwixt poverty and unemployment because the lack of employment is one of the important determinants of poverty. Albania is considered as a poor country, thats why a richly level of unemployment exists. This is a phenomenon that disquiets the Albanias society, so it is grand to discus ab out(p) this topic.This radical violates the unemployment level and its changing during years in Albania. The period of time that we stool taken into account is 1995-2009.In this paper we ar going to talk about the unemployments concept at the beginning and then its effects on the economy and society in chapter 5. We are going to get to the unemployment estimate of Albania, during this period according to pro gress, gender and education and its values in varied cities in chapter 3. An early(a)(a) point that will be sayn in this paper is of course the precautions taken by the political relation to reduce the unemployment rank disposed in chapter 6. And finally we are going to show the conclusions of our work.GENERAL OVERVIEW ABOUT UNEMPLOYMENT2.1. UNEMPLOYMENTS impressionUnemployment is the time period when a person isnt actually working, but available for work and currently looking for work. The working age population includes concourse from 16 years old to 65 years old for men and 60 for women. It consists of two aggroups active population (labor force) and inactive population.Labor force includes employed and those in search of employment (the unemployment people). In this assessment should be taken into account the difference between-Individuals currently working, considered those who accomplish a payable work of residence, unconstipated if temporally absent from work. The indolent, those considered not at work, but actively leaveking employment or waiting to return to work.Outside the labor force are classified people that are in working age but they arent currently working or they dont want to. This group consists of students, the invalids, students of working age, those who perform forces service, and persons not currently looking for work.The f woeful of question between these categories force out be expressed with the Fig.2, where1 shows the flow of people who change job.2 show the flow of people who lose their job.3 show the flow of people from the ranks of pink-slipped who find a job.4 show the emergence of the unemployed out of the labor force (as unemployed who do not require work anymore).5 show the entry or the reentry in labor force, but commencement exercise as unemployed.6 show entry or reentry in labor force, but now as busy at work.7 show the going away of employment and the exit out of the labor force (such as pensioners, or p eople returning to school).The amount of money number of losing jobs is given by the amount of movement 1, 2 and 7.The total number of finding jobs is given by the amount of movement is 1, 3 and 6.The difference between the losing jobs and the finding jobs shows the difference in employment.Changes in unemployment are given by the difference (5+2) (3+4).Changes in unemployment measured by the unemployment rate, which represents the section ratio of the number of unemployed and the labor forceUnemployment rate= (unemployed workers / total labor force) - 100%.1TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment is an inevitable process for each country, so that we keep find it among each person in different lovings. The most kind of unemployment we tail find in Albania areFrictional unemployment, which is created as a result of continued movement of workers from one job in search of another job, which is better than the first. This kind of unemployment is inevitable and economically justifiable, as leading to more efficient redistribute of labor resources. In this group are in any case included students who have just been graduated and are looking for a job, or women that have been away for a while from the labor market. These people are considered as volunteers unemployed.1 structural unemployment, that occurs due to changes in demand and the supply to work as a result of funda noetic changes occurring in the basic branches of economy. If an economy suffers from long-lasting low pith demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, while their skills (including job-searching skills) become rusty and obsolete. This means that they may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. This kind of unemployment can also be caused by technological progresses, since it means that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level of output every year.1 rotary unemployment is associated with declining demand for certain goods and services, especially at the stage of economic downturn, which leads to the decline in demand for manpower in the factories that manufacture these products or services. This is caused by a business cycle recession and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium level.1Seasonal unemployment, which is related to seasonal nature of the product or service, for framework in the branches of the construction industry, tourism, etc. It is linked to certain kind of jobs.1Voluntary unemployment includes that group of people who choose not to work for different reasons, such as economical/financial reasons or any other.1Hidden unemployment is the unemployment that does not appear in government statistics, due to the way the statistics are collected. Only those who have no work but are actively looking for work are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking, those who are working less than they would the likes of or those who work at jobs in which their skills are underutilized are not formal isedly counted as unemployed, though in a sense they are.1UNEMPLOYMANT RATE IN ALBANIAThe lowest rate of unemployment of these years is 12.3% in 1996, while the highest is 18.4% in 1999. From 1995 until 1999 we have successive ups and downs of the unemployment rate. This is due of the transition that in these years has been higher. While from 1999 with unemployment rate 18.4%, the unemployment rate has been decreasing gradually, reaching its lowest level in 2008 with unemployment rate 13%. However these digits are still high. Our country suffers from the phenomenon of unemployment.harmonize to the report of the Central wisdom Agency (CIA) 3 official unemployment rate is rather deformed three times lower than the real rate of unemployment. There are at least three reasons that make the data on unemployment rate not to be real. The master(prenominal) reason is informality, which is the number of employees who arent declared from the employer.____________________________1scribd MAKRO EKONOMI-Inflacioni-Dhe-Papunesia. Url http//www.scribd.com/doc/33883062/MAKROEKONOMI-Inflacioni-Dhe-Papunesia2 INSTAT see Instituti I Statistikes3 CIA (2010) library/publications/the-world-factbook/Albania. Url https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html overly, there are the unemployed who do not plead their self as unemployed. In this fountain they do not appear in official records as unemployed. This is a problem associated with lack of functionality and efficiency of office work. In the calculation of the unemployment rate also isnt disregarded unemployment in agriculture. Rural areas, in which lies the main map of poverty in the country, are supposed with full employment, since no one is registered as unemployed.According to the report, having such a large labor force in agriculture, when this sector provides 21.7% of Gross Domestic Product and almost zero unemployment rate, its explained why according the official methodology, the unemployment rate is only 12.5%. So, these are some of the reasons that make the unemployment rate not to be real.UNEMPLOYMENT RATE according to genderThroughout the years the percentage of unemployed fe fresh-begetting(prenominal)s in Albania has been higher than the percentage of males, this for some reasons. In Albania are developed more activities oriented towards the employment of males. Specifically, trade, construction or development of hotels and restaurants, where dominate male employees. Also these years were closed enough industrial activities, in which there were employed a significant number of females.While the rural-urban movement does not give females many opportunities coming from rural areas to enter in the job market. Also females being most charged with house works and take care of everything, no firm has no interest to employ them before a male, because they often can take permissions, will require maternity leave etc. These can be some of the reasons why the level of unemploye d females is higher than the unemployed males.The year 1999, in which the unemployment rate is the highest, marks the greatest number of unemployed males and females, singly 16.4% of males and 21.4% of females in Albania were recorded as unemployed.While the lowest number of unemployed males registered in 1996, where 11.4% of males are registered as unemployed and the lowest number of unemployed females registered in 2007 where 12.2% of females are registered as unemployed.The number of unemployed people observed that has ups and downs, both in females and males until 2000, while after 2000 till 2007 is observed a general lessening of unemployed males and females. In 2008 is noticed an increase in the number of unemployed females from 12.2% to 13.5%.UNEMPLOYMENT RATE according to ageUnemployment also varies according to age groups population. Three main age groups are 15-19 years old, 20-34 years old and over 34 years old. Unemployment appears in higher rates for the first age gro up because young people are less able to adapt to the labor market. These rates have been high till 2001 and after this period dominates 20-34 year old age group as unemployed. Whereas all persons over 34 years old represent lower values in the unemployment rate since the studyity of them are busy to work. This rate has been higher in the period 1998-2001 and since then has maintained a constant level.UNEMPLOYMENT RATE according to educationAccording to the education level of unemployment, the major part of unemployment rate consists of people who have octennial and high-school education. This may come from different reasons such as the low level of intelligence, or any other. The difference rate between unemployed people with octennial and high-school education is low. In the period of time 1998-2000 there were more unemployed people who had high school education than with octennial education, but since 2001 this ratio has changed. From 2001-2009 there are more unemployed people w ith octennial education. Whereas people with university education have fewer chances to be unemployed since they have more fortune to find o job.UNEMPLOYMENT RATE in different districtsUnemployment rate varies in different districts of Albania. During 2008 this rate was different in different districts. Its values are shown in Fig 6, which represents the ratio of unemployment to the all districts of Albania. According to the data set, the highest rate for the unemployment this year has been in Kuks with a value of 30.9%, a high value compared to the other districts. It is followed by the district of Shkodra with 24.2%, then Lezha with 22.1% and 17.7% in Vlora. The lowest rate is given for the district of Tirana, around 7.3%. It probably comes from the fact that, Tirana is the capital and so on is a developed city, where employment opportunities for citizens are higher. Therefore this rate is lower in this city. As for other districts this rate varies with small values.CONSEQUENCES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN ALBANIAUnemployment causes a lot of exclusive and social costs. A long period of unemployment reduces the human capital value and increases to malnutrition, illness, mental stress, and loss of self-esteem, leading to depression. Also another consequence of unemployment is that the unemployed people may lose their skills. At another point when a person is unemployed, he has lack of income. This causes less leisure. As some other serious consequences of unemployment we can mention the increasing number of divorces, crime and greater alcohol abuse. So the unemployment influences in the every-day life of the unemployed people.Unemployment causes reduction of incomes level and this brings the reduction of the countrys economic growth. The gross domestic product is lower than it could be if the unemployed people were employed. As a result the whole economy and society suffer from people being unemployed. Also high levels of unemployment bring consequences at the level of taxes and government borrowing, and at the expenditure of government. Because of the existence of a high level of unemployment, the income that could be taken from taxes will fall. While unemployed people do not work, do not earn, and thus they do not pay taxes. This affects in the decrease of the level of income that the government collects. On the other hand, the government should help the unemployed by giving them economic assistance.4 In Fig 7 is presented the number of families receiving economic aid versus the total number of households in all districts of Albania.It is noted that the highest percentage of the families that profit economic aid is in Kuks. As we said before, the unemployment rate in this district is also the highest of all districts in Albania. Dibra, Shkodra and Lezha have also high percentages of families with economic aid and the levels of unemployment in these districts are high. Durrs, Fier, Tirana and Vlora have the lowest level of families in economic aid. But we have seen that Vlora had a high level of unemployment, although the percentage of families in economic aid is in lower levels.So the government loses as a result of the decline in tax collection and higher spending on families who have unemployed members. As a result the budget deficit may be increased, which increases and the risk of infection of the government. These are some reasons that the level of government borrowing may increase. So we can say that all the society and the economy suffer from high levels of unemployment.PRECAUTIONS OF THE organisationThe government has to interfere continually to reduce the unemployment rate. The Albanias government has taken some precautions to low-down the level of unemployment. We can mention the opening of new workplaces, such as in root. The last years the government has realized a lot of projects in infrastructure and in this way, there are opened new workplaces. Also the government has practiced training and program app lications to boost employment. As we have said in Albania the number of unemployed females is greater than unemployed males, and so the government has practiced free vocational training for women heads, victims of trafficking and roma women.Reforms in the fiscal system, in the improvement of the business environment by lowering taxes significantly, spendments in infrastructure and the attracting of foreign investors to invest in Albania, encouraging investors to employ staff from Albania are the main factors that has contributed to the economic growth and, consequently, to the creation of new workplaces. So these are the main precautions that our government has taken to prevent and reduce the unemployment in Albania.5CONCLUSIONUnemployment is an inevitable process that happens in every country. It is found in different types such as frictional, structural, cyclical, seasonal, voluntary and hidden unemployment. This phenomenon is visible in every society, but it appears in different values.__________________________5 Ministry of Social Work and Issue and Equal Opportunity (2007) Strategji-Standarte/Strategjia e Punesimit. Url http//www.mpcs.gov.al/images/stories/ministria/downloads/strategji-standarte/plani_i_veprimeve_per_zbatimin_e_strategjise_se_punesimit2006-2013.zipAlthough Albanias recent economic growth has reduced poverty level, it is still a country with a higher rate of unemployment. This rate has been changing over years. It has been in its lowest levels in 1996 with 12.3%. The highest rate has been in 1999 with a value of 18.4% and from then it has been reducing continually. In 2008 this rate was 13%. Its not a low level, but anyway is the lowest level Albania has ever had in the last 10 years. According to gender the percentage of unemployed females in Albania has been higher than the percentage of males. According to age, the level of unemployment has been higher for the age group 15-19 years old till 2001, and since then it has been higher for t he age group 20-34 years old. Whereas the age group over 34 years old is always characterized of lower levels of unemployment according to the other age groups. Unemployment rate according to education has been higher for people with high school education till 2001, and from then it has been higher for people with octennial education. Whereas people with university education are characterized of lower levels of unemployment. In different districts are recorded different values. Its value is higher in Kuks and lower in Tirana.The unemployment brings a lot of affects in the society and the whole economy. It reduces the human capital value and increases to malnutrition, illness, mental stress, and loss of self-esteem, leading to depression. It increases the number of divorces, crime and the level alcohol abuse. The unemployment brings the reduction of the countrys economic growth. It reduces the level of the incomes that could be taken from taxes and increases the expenditure for econo mic aid given by the government for the unemployed people.The government has taken some precautions to reduce the level of unemployment such are the reforms in the fiscal system or by opening new workplaces. It has practiced training and program applications to boost employment. The percentage of unemployed females is in high levels, so the government has practiced free vocational training for women. Also it has taken reforms in the fiscal system, in the improvement of the business environment by lowering taxes significantly, investments in infrastructure and the attracting of foreign investors to invest in Albania, encouraging investors to employ staff from Albania.

Biometric Systems :: Essays Papers

Biometric Systems As defined in Computer Security fundamental principle by OReilly & Associates, Inc.Biometrics is the use of a persons unique physiological, behavioral, andmorphological characteristics to provide positive personal designation.Biometric systems that are currently avaiable today examine reproduces,handprints, and retina patterns. Systems that are reason to biometrics just now arenot classified as such are behavioral systems such as voice, signature andkeystroke systems. They test patterns of behavior not parts of the body.It seems that in the world of biometrics that the more effective thedevice, the less willing people will be to accept it. Retina pattern devicesare the intimately reliable but most people hate the idea of a laser shooting intotheir eye. Yet something such as monitoring keystroke patters people dont mind,but its not nearly as effective.Biometric verification is forecast to be a multibillion dollar market inthis decade. There is no doubt that financial confidence and debit cards are goingto be the biggest part of the biometric market. There are also manysignificant niche markets which are growing rapidly. For example, biometricidentification cards are being utilize at a university in Georgia to allow studentsto get their meals, and in a Maryland day contend center to ensure that the rightperson picks up the right child. In Los Angeles, they are using fingerprints tostop welfare fraud. And theyre also being used by frequent business travellersfor rapid transit through immigration and customs in Holland, and now at JFK andNewark airports in the United States. It could also be used to simply preventone employee from punching in for some one else, or to prevent someone fromopening up an account at a intrust using a false name. Then there is also thesecurity access market, access to computer databases, to premises and a varietyof other areas.The finder program made by Fingerprint Technologies uses several devic esat once. The system first prompts for a user name and password. Then they musthave their fingerprint scan match what is on record. They can also use a videocamera for real time video to capture photographs which can be incorporated intothe data base. The time to scan and gain entrance to the building take from 6to 10 seconds depending on what other information the operator wishes the user

Indonesia Essay -- essays research papers fc

After Indonesia declared independence in 1945 the countrys leader, Sukarno, face up the extremely difficult task of creating a unified state out of Indonesias numerous ethnic groups. Also ever since its independence Indonesias rulers had to smother uprisings of muslim groups because it threatened the countrys secular ideology. The attempts by Indonesias leaders to maintain unity and the ways in which the military suppressed fissiparous movements fueled many of the economic, social, and political problems the nation is facing today. After the tsunami, many of the issues surrounding the nationalist issue resurfaced and might change the nature of the conflict betwixt supporters of Indonesian unity and those seeking independence.The rebels in Aceh claim that the region was illegally annexed by Indonesia at the time of independence, and a separatist movement has been active at that place since 1976. During the regime of Suharto the military was given absolute power, and the continuo us military presence in the region was marked by brutality towards the Acehnese and mistreatment of suspected rebels. Therefore many Acehnese feel a deep sense of distrust towards Indonesia. Since 2003 Aceh has been under Indonesian military rule and the area was closed off to foreigners as an attempt to isolate the area and crush the separatist movement. Indonesia allowed virtually no foreign presence in Aceh. Many believe that the isolation of the area was an attempt by the authorities t...